JENNY (1970)

Title: JENNY

Year of Release: 1970

Director: George Bloomfield

Genre: Drama, Romance

Synopsis: A young woman is left pregnant by a man, and befriends a sullen photographer, who agrees to be the father of her child.

Within a film history context: Movies revolving around an unwed mother have been in existence since the silent era. One of the first documented in this vein was Emile Chautard's MAGDA (1917). When a young woman from a small town goes to the city, she marries and has a child with a man. What she discovers is that the marriage was a hoax, and consequently leaves her to support a child. Her downfall begins here, as she drifts into unsuitable employment, and a number of other issues resurface. With IT (1927), directed by Clarence Badger, matters were of another persuasion. A perky department store salesgirl seeks to assist her roommate in a time of need, but this lie causes issues in her private life she never envisioned. Into the sound period, Frank Capra's FORBIDDEN (1932), was about a young woman who meets a man on a cruise, and subsequently falls pregnant to him, but is unaware that he is already married. In A FAREWELL TO ARMS (1932), directed by Frank Borzage, an ambulance driver and a nurse in World War I Italy fall in love, and she falls pregnant. Despite resolving to be together, a number of misunderstandings ensue, building to a tragic end to their affair. Alexander Hall and George Somnes' TORCH SINGER (1933), diverted from others in terms of its story. A woman who has had a child out of wedlock gives it up for adoption, but becomes a torch singer with a questionable way of life in this drama. 

ANN VICKERS (1933), directed by John Cromwell, had the distinction of its main character, a social worker, falling pregnant twice out of wedlock to two different men, finding a measure of happiness the second time around. John Stahl's ONLY YESTERDAY (1933), begins during World War I, when a young woman has an affair with a man, who is slated to fight in the war. When they meet again many years later, he does not remember her, and has a son in tow. DOCTOR MONICA (1934), directed by William Keighley, centered around a female obstetrician, who finds out the hard way that her husband had an affair with another woman, as she delivers the baby of his mistress. In Mitchell Leisen's TO EACH HIS OWN (1946), a young woman in American during World War I has a baby to a pilot, and gives up the illegitimate child for adoption. She watches his life unfold from a distance, but finds out that second chances in life do exist. On the other hand, SIN OF ESTHER WATERS (1948), directed by Ian Dalrymple and Peter Proud, had a young woman in 1870s London fall pregnant to a faithless man, forced to raise the child on her own. 

Mitchell Leisen's NO MAN OF HER OWN (1950), starred Barbara Stanwyck as a woman who befriends two people on a train, who eventually die, and assumes the identity of the wife. She is welcomed into the family, but her former lover blackmails her over her deceit, with which she was uncomfortable anyway, leading to a surprising ending. UNWED MOTHER (1958), directed by Walter Doniger, the title of which left no doubt as to the status of its main character. When a young woman from a farm goes to Los Angeles, she is loved and left pregnant by a Lothario, and has the baby. Giving up the child for adoption, she rues the day she made this decision in this drama. Richard Quine's THE WORLD OF SUZIE WONG (1960), featured a young Chinese prostitute who had a child out of wedlock, and was involved with an American architect in this drama. In contrast, the unmarried mother in THE SANDPIPER (1965), directed by Vincente Minnelli, was an artist who lived with her young son at Big Sur, and had an affair with a married reverend, the headmaster of her son's school. JENNY arrived onscreen in 1970, and gave the unwed mother theme its own spin.

The earlier examples of an unwed woman falling pregnant often precipitate the moral downfall of the said character, such as in MAGDA, TORCH SINGER, and ANN VICKERS. The woman either starts drifting into unsuitable employment, or from man to man, as in ANN VICKERS. They are not depicted as being promiscuous, more misguided, just that fate has dealt them an unlucky hand. In many instances, the woman raises her child alone, as in MAGDA, FORBIDDEN, ANN VICKERS, ONLY YESTERDAY, SIN OF ESTHER WATERS, THE WORLD OF SUZIE WONG, and THE SANDPIPER. In some of the movies, the woman gives up the baby for adoption, as in TORCH SINGER, TO EACH HIS OWN, and UNWED MOTHER. A FAREWELL TO ARMS stands out as the only entry where the baby dies. DOCTOR MONICA also diverts as the central character has not given birth to an illegitimate baby, but is delivering one for another woman, being her husband's mistress. JENNY belongs to the group of pictures where a man impregnates the woman, and their affair is a mistake, with him leaving her in the lurch. MAGDA, FORBIDDEN, ANN VICKERS, SIN OF ESTHER WATERS, and UNWED MOTHER are prime examples here. 

JENNY is the only picture where a man, not the father of the child, marries the pregnant woman to give her child a parent. Delano in JENNY, though, if of the disloyal male character mold as evidenced by the prior samples such as MAGDA, and SIN OF ESTHER WATERS. Where JENNY again moves away is that the difficulties of compatibility between Jenny, and Delano, make way for real love over time, and this is cemented by the birth of their child. This is unlike the many movies of women who stay single as a mother, or watch their child from afar, as in TO EACH HIS OWN. It adds a positive touch to the trials and travails of the unwed mother, advancing from the sadder portrayals of women whose lives are forever marked by what happened in their lives, to something more life-affirming. In addition, JENNY's leaning towards romance provides it with an ethereal feel that the other narratives, with moral considerations, could not offer. A more modern version of the hardships of an unwed mother, JENNY asks viewers to consider another perspective on this theme. 

Overview: George Bloomfield was a Canadian director who presided over ten motion pictures in a twenty-nine year period. He made dramas, thrillers, family fare, and also ventured into comedy in his output. Mr Bloomfield's second movie, TO KILL A CLOWN (1972), was an unconventional thriller about a couple holidaying on the beach, and how their encounter with a Vietnam veteran changes them forever. CHILD UNDER A LEAF (1974), had a similar, if divergent premise. A woman trapped in an abusive marriage has an extramarital affair, giving birth to her lover's child, but tries to move away from her egotistical husband. NOTHING PERSONAL (1980), was a comedy of an activist professor concerned about the plight of baby seals, and how he is assisted in his mission by a lawyer. Critically roasted in its time, it has sunken into oblivion. Thriller DOUBLE NEGATIVE (1980), showcased a man whose wife was murdered, and how he tries to find her killer, and exactly what happened that fateful night. THE ARGON QUEST (1992), was a family movie with two brothers transported to a magical island, the only way to save it is by finding the giant Argon. JACOB TWO TWO MEETS THE HOODED FANG (1999), was another family picture. A young boy who likes to mention things in twos, goes shopping one day, but is misunderstood by the grocer, subsequently landing in a children's prison. Some friends in the prison assist him, and plan to escape from there in this fantasy movie. JENNY was George Bloomfield's film debut, and a good, if uneven, first movie.

With JENNY, George Bloomfield has crafted a subtle story of a pregnant, unwed young woman who meets a filmmaker whom she eventually marries. The movie ably charts their blossoming relationship through all the obstacles which come their way in light of their decision to wed, and for the photographer to take on the role of husband, and father, to a child which is not his own. It is a film which has an assured pace, and delicately examines its lead characters' feelings about their situation. There is no doubt as to the sincerity of the director in focusing upon the plight of an unwed mother in his picture, and this is one of its best qualities. This is a topic which has been featured in cinema over all time, and here the director adds his own interpretation to this issue. 

Where the movie lacks punch is that sometimes the pace is too slow and languorous, the conflict being too distant in regularity to have an impact. There is a concentration of romantic scenes which suits the material, but the aura of dreaminess does have the tendency to outweigh the more dramatic stretches. If JENNY had extra segments of antagonism between its characters, it would seem even more real as a product. As it is, the film is a little topsy turvy in balancing drama with romance. Nevertheless, in the final analysis, certain things can be said about JENNY as a motion picture. It is a pleasant movie from George Bloomfield that needed some tinkering, but whose overall honesty in what it says about people, and life, is commendable.

Acting: There are two performances which give life to JENNY. In the lead role of Jenny, Marlo Thomas is thoroughly believable as a young woman who has made mistakes in life, and tries in her own way to rectify these. With her warmth, openness, and ability to share her feelings with the audience, Miss Thomas is excellent. As Delano, the photographer who Jenny marries, their relationship not all smooth sailing, Alan Alda is well matched with Marlo Thomas. Although he is usually the good-humored leading man, here Mr Alda takes a dive into darker, more multi-faceted territory, which shows how versatile an actor he is. 

Soundtrack: Michael Small's attractive musical score suits the solemn, leisurely-paced material, always subtle, but never overbearing. It adds a certain flair and grace to scenes, one of the best examples being the scene where Jenny and Delano race merrily around the park.

Mise-en-scene: JENNY has a very good handle on its visuals, thanks to the work of several key personnel. The Deluxe cinematography by David Quaid is lush, and exceedingly easy on the eyes without being garish. It makes everything appear as if it was from a carefully-composed painting which has been turned into a film. Trevor Williams' art direction, and set decoration by Alan Hicks, create an agreeable world of beautiful parks, inviting rooms, and pretty streetscapes. Two key examples stand out in this respect. The home of Jenny's parents is elegant without being overdone, and the apartment which Jenny and Delano share is slightly bohemian, but feels as if real people would indeed inhabit this abode.

Notable Acting Performances: Marlo Thomas, Alan Alda.

Suitability for young viewers: Parental discretion advised. Adult themes.

Overall Grade: C

Link: IMDB Page

THE YOUNG LOVERS (1964)

Title: THE YOUNG LOVERS

Year of Release: 1964

Director: Samuel Goldwyn Jr.

Genre: Drama, Romance

Synopsis: Two university students discover that love is not all that is required to live an authentic existence.

Within a film history context: Movies about college students finding love have been featured from the early sound era. The first main example was Sam Wood's SO THIS IS COLLEGE (1929). Two college friends become rivals over a fellow student, but discover she is nothing but a tease, and again resume their friendship. COLLEGE HUMOR (1933), directed by Wesley Ruggles, had a similar love triangle scenario, but in this instance, a young college student is pursued by not only a fellow college football star, but also, a professor at the establishment. In David Butler's THE GIRL HE LEFT BEHIND (1956), a young college student has a girlfriend also in college, and does not aspire to much. After she leaves him, he fails an exam, and has to join the army, in light of his grades. Once drafted, he learns a thing or two about how to be a responsible person in this romance movie. Comedy TALL STORY (1960), directed by Joshua Logan, followed the life of a young college basketball player, and the fellow college student who uses her wiles to marry him, but their road to happiness is not a smooth one. In contrast to the earlier entries, THE YOUNG LOVERS was the most in-depth representation of college students falling in love.

It was an updated version of the 1930s movies of college students finding love, with similar romantic scenarios, but with 1960s sensibilities in terms of sexuality, and personal responsibility. The dramatic nature of THE YOUNG LOVERS allows for this, whereby the older examples were rooted in a lighter mood and feel in keeping with the censorship of the times. Aside from this, the intense focus on one particular couple also does away with the more simplistic triangles in SO THIS IS COLLEGE, and COLLEGE HUMOR. THE YOUNG LOVERS also differs from both THE GIRL HE LEFT BEHIND, and TALL STORY, with their emphasis on a male protagonist. In THE YOUNG LOVERS, attention floats from Eddie to Pam in the movie, giving each character sufficient airtime. While both Eddie and Pam want love and romance, the journey here is more about finding themselves, and their footing, in life. This is something tackled in THE GIRL HE LEFT BEHIND, with its male character's escapades highlighted, but that film is comic in its intentions rather than serious compared to THE YOUNG LOVERS. A notable take on college students and their lives, THE YOUNG LOVERS is watchable in this respect for the handling of its themes.

Overview: Samuel Goldwyn Jr. was a prolific producer who made only one film, being THE YOUNG LOVERS. His producing credits included THE ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN, COTTON COMES TO HARLEM and its sequel, COME BACK CHARLESTON BLUE, THE GOLDEN SEAL, MYSTIC PIZZA, STELLA, THE PREACHER'S WIFE, and THE SECRET LIFE OF WALTER MITTY. He was also involved in television, producing two broadcasts of the Academy Awards, a telemovie, and a number of prime-time series. Due to the fact Mr Goldwyn helmed only one picture, this review shall concentrate upon his work on THE YOUNG LOVERS.

With reference to THE YOUNG LOVERS, Samuel Goldwyn Jr. has fashioned a sensitive exploration of two college students, their blossoming love affair, and the events which mark them in their journey. He has produced a motion picture which has a steady pace, and the ability to clearly enunciate its characters' feelings about their lives. There is a certain sincerity about this movie, and its intentions, which is creditable. It attempts to give depth to the lives of college students, and the difficulties which may be faced by them, instead of finding pat solutions to problems. By no means is the film a deep dive into social issues and realism, even though it touches upon these in the narrative. There are views on personal responsibility and family, which are always pertinent ideas for discussion. The movie provides balance by also featuring romantic scenarios and subtle comedy stretches which do relieve some of the lulls in the story. While THE YOUNG LOVERS has qualities to recommend it, there are some flaws which hinder its overall impact.

The love story between Eddie and Pam is the focal point here, but it never feels as if it is live or die for these characters. Even though there is the best attempt by both performers, and the story, to shore up interest in their romance, it does not catch fire as one would expect. The lack of chemistry between Eddie and Pam causes THE YOUNG LOVERS to seesaw in an uneven manner. What occurs is that the second leads, being Tarragoo and Debbie, come off as being much more animated and interesting than Eddie and Pam. The engaging Tarragoo, and his lively girlfriend Debbie, are the stars of the picture, their dominance making Eddie and Pam's plight rather bland in comparison. This is unfortunate, and causes the movie to lose oomph early on, from which it does not recover lost ground. The presence of Pam's mother Mrs Burns also adds drama and punch whenever she is shown, but alas, her appearances are fitful. If a better connection was present between the leads, it would have been a much better product. A satisfactory attempt to review the lives of college students, THE YOUNG LOVERS is only partially successful in its mission of being topical.

Acting: The acting in THE YOUNG LOVERS is very good, but there are two instances of miscasting which derail the movie. In the lead part of university student Eddie Slocum, Peter Fonda does an acceptable job, but the role is too static for him to shine. The same applies to his co-star, Sharon Hugueny, as Pam Burns, Eddie's other half. However much both performers try, they are stuck in limbo with a lack of chemistry not assisting them. On the other hand, Nick Adams, as Eddie's friend Tarragoo, is excellent. With his agreeable manner, gusto, tough guy attitude, and humor, Mr Adams lights up the screen whenever he is present. As Tarragoo's girlfriend Debbie, Deborah Walley is nicely-matched with Nick Adams, their pairing fun to witness. In a more serious vein was Beatrice Straight as Mrs Burns, Pam's mother. With her piercing gaze, perfect diction, and poise, Miss Straight was another great acting interpretation in the picture. The final acting which deserves mention was Malachi Throne as Professor Schwartz, Eddie's lecturer. An actor of authority, with a metalliferous voice, his Professor was on screen for way too short a duration, but, nevertheless, leaves his mark on THE YOUNG LOVERS.

Soundtrack: Sol Kaplan's score is professional, and appropriate to every scene in the movie without being overwhelming. It reinforces the quiet, slightly illicit feel which THE YOUNG LOVERS tries to achieve in its workings.

Mise-en-scene: THE YOUNG LOVERS has a good handle on its mise-en-scene. Cinematography by Joseph Biroc and Ellsworth Fredericks is clean and crisp, never becoming too dark, but is nicely measured. Fernando Carrere's production design, and the set decoration by Frank Wade, are both excellent, with the university classroom, the painter's studio, and, in particular, the Burns home, well done. Costuming by Wesley Jeffries and Rose Rockney ensures each character is different, and that their garments match their personality. Nick Adams' attire befits his role as the likeable, energetic young Tarragoo, with Beatrice Straight elegantly outfitted as the upper class Mrs Burns.

Notable Acting Performances: Nick Adams, Deborah Walley, Beatrice Straight, Malachi Throne.

Suitability for young viewers: Parental discretion advised. Adult themes.

Overall Grade: C

Link: IMDB Page

ALICE'S RESTAURANT (1969)

Title: ALICE'S RESTAURANT

Year of Release: 1969

Director: Arthur Penn

Genre: Comedy, Drama

Synopsis: The story of musician Arlo Guthrie, who among his activities tries to avoid the draft for Vietnam, sings, roams the countryside, and falls in with the crowd of Alice's restaurant in Massachusetts. 

Within a film history context: During the late 1960s and early 1970s, there were numerous films which were concerned with anti-establishment counterculture characters and scenarios. One of the first was Roger Corman's THE TRIP (1967). After suffering a traumatic divorce from his wife, a television director falls into drugs, and has many way out experiences. Notable for its cast, including Peter Fonda, Dennis Hopper, and Bruce Dern, it was an interesting foray into counterculture themes. THE NUDE RESTAURANT (1967), directed by Andy Warhol, was the confrontational story of a restaurant, its waiters, waitresses and patrons, discussing a little of everything in this underground movie. More entertaining was Eliot Silverstein's THE HAPPENING (1967). Four young people kidnap a wealthy man, and hold him to ransom, but events conspire against their original plans. As with many counterculture movies it had a splendid cast, in this case Anthony Quinn in the lead role, with support from George Maharis, Michael Parks, and Faye Dunaway in an early part. Different in tone was GREETINGS (1968), directed by Brian de Palma. It was an unconventional tale of three men getting up to many adventures in late 1960s New York City, with references to issues fresh at the time such as Vietnam, how to avoid the draft, and computer dating. It led to a sequel in 1970 being HI, MOM!, which was equally irreverent, both films starring Robert De Niro. Also raucous was Barry Shear's WILD IN THE STREETS (1968). A young rock singer becomes president of the United States, which leads to much mayhem, but many colorful, original set pieces. 

SKIDOO (1968), directed by Otto Preminger, was a comedy about the life of a former hit man, and the many outrageous situations in which he, and his family, participate. Alternately dealing with topics such as the counterculture, hippies, free love, and LSD, it was a departure for its director, but not a financial success in its original release. Bob Rafelson's HEAD (1968), was akin in some respects, but in a much more innocent vein. The film charted the exploits of pop group The Monkees, with many musical interludes, and adventures thrown in. On the other hand, PSYCH-OUT (1968), directed by Richard Rush, concerned a young deaf woman looking for her brother in San Francisco, and how through this odyssey she encounters wild characters, with the effects of drugs deftly portrayed in the narrative. Outlandish could be said to describe Hy Averback's I LOVE YOU, ALICE B. TOKLAS (1968). Through a series of events, a straitlaced attorney meets a flower power young woman, and becomes part of the hippie lifestyle, this experience changing his views on love, and life. ALICE'S RESTAURANT had that quirky sensibility which infused many of the above films, but added its own touches to the counterculture movies.

As with most of the films in this category, ALICE'S RESTAURANT had a central male protagonist, expressing his views on life, and tubthumping authority whenever possible. THE TRIP, GREETINGS, WILD IN THE STREETS, and I LOVE YOU, ALICE B. TOKLAS are prime examples of this. These are story worlds where anything can happen, with sometimes outrageous incidents highlighted. This was marked more in the latter three movies, which are all comedic in intention. Where ALICE'S RESTAURANT diverted was that Arlo was a folk singer, whereas in the other movies, their occupations were different. The closest film to ALICE'S RESTAURANT in terms of this was WILD IN THE STREETS, with its rock star becoming president, but that film was geared towards satire, and overt comedy. ALICE'S RESTAURANT, by no means a drama, had comic interludes, but did not send up its characters mercilessly, as exemplified by WILD IN THE STREETS. 

There was a quietness, and a subtlety in ALICE'S RESTAURANT, with the lead going through the mill of draft dodging, and hot and heavy relationships with various women. This was contrasted with the single-mindedness of Max in WILD IN THE STREETS, and how he did anything to progress, even if other people were hurt. A free love mentality, though, was present in both WILD IN THE STREETS and ALICE'S RESTAURANT. It was all about the journey for the free-floating Arlo, rather than the rampant sexuality of the egomaniacal Max Frost. This gave ALICE'S RESTAURANT a thoughtful background which was in keeping with the time of its release. Another interpretation of a counterculture character, ALICE'S RESTAURANT is a beguiling account in this respect.

Overview: Arthur Penn was an American film director from 1958 until 1995, helming thirteen motion pictures. His works were predominately dramas, with action, biopics, crime, and thrillers among his output. Mr Penn's first movie, THE LEFT HANDED GUN (1958), followed Billy the Kid as he avenged the killing of his friend by murdering those involved in this crime, but his actions will affect the lives of his close associates. Next came one of Arthur Penn's most notable movies, THE MIRACLE WORKER (1961). The relationship of blind and deaf Helen Keller with her companion, Anne Sullivan, was brought to the screen in a full-blooded biopic, winning Oscars for both Patty Duke as the young Helen, and Anne Bancroft as Anne. Crime drama MICKEY ONE (1965), was about a stand-up comic who finds himself at odds with the Mob, appropriating the identity of another man, and continuing his comic act. In the compelling melodrama THE CHASE (1966), a young man returns to his Texas hometown after escaping from jail, and the effect of his presence is keenly felt on the townspeople. One of Arthur Penn's most celebrated movies came in the form of BONNIE AND CLYDE (1967). Charting the criminal escapades of Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow in the 1930s, with its all-out presentation of violence, and courage of its convictions, this biopic made a definite statement at the box office, where it was one of the year's most successful films. The 1970s brought Arthur Penn further interesting pictures.

LITTLE BIG MAN (1970), told the tale of a supercentenarian man who reminisces about his life from childhood, when he was taken in and raised by American Indians, dealings with General Custer, and other events in this western. Crime again made its mark in NIGHT MOVES (1975). When a private investigator is assigned by an actress to find her missing daughter, he uncovers a lot more than first expected in this modern noir drama. One of Arthur Penn's least successful outings was THE MISSOURI BREAKS (1976). A horse thief comes up against a determined rancher, who, with the assistance of another man, seeks to halt the stealing of horses in a very permanent way. Critically derided, with a low box office take in its era, time, though, has been somewhat kinder to this western. Into the 1980s, the underrated FOUR FRIENDS (1981), surveyed the lives of several characters from the tumultuous 1960s until the early 1980s. Despite good notices from critics, it lost money for its studio. TARGET (1985), mined thriller territory, this time, a woman holidaying in Europe parts with her tour group, this arousing the suspicion of her husband and son, who seek to find her. DEAD OF WINTER (1987), was a venture into horror for Mr Penn. An actress tries to help the financial situation of herself and husband by taking on an acting role, but this is just the start of her problems. Athur Penn's last movie was PENN & TENNER GET KILLED (1989). The exploits of a comic duo made up the content of this black comedy, but it was not a fitting final tribute to the director. ALICE'S RESTAURANT was Arthur Penn's seventh film, but not one of his best efforts.

In the case of ALICE'S RESTAURANT, Arthur Penn has made a passable movie with some edifying passages. Taking as its focus a folk singer who tries to avoid being drafted for Vietnam, and his eventual move to friends in Massachusetts, who live in a deconsecrated church, it is an interesting, if flawed picture. Admittedly, there is a certain charm to the proceedings, and the way in which events occur in a random order, but the storytelling, and style of presentation, has not stood the test of time. It may have been relevant at the time of its release for its notions of the counterculture, and beliefs about the Vietnam War, but in retrospect, has not dated well. The to and fro of the narrative does become grating when watching the movie, as one wants something more concrete in terms of an emotional experience, but it rarely happens. Aside from this, the majority of the action actually takes place away from Alice's restaurant, thus skewing the effectiveness of the title. While the title was utilized to capitalize upon the song of the same name, that is the extent of its function. This is not the be all and end all of matters, but does misinform viewers as to the setting of the film. A picture which tries to be irreverent and current but is now mainly of historical interest, ALICE'S RESTAURANT is a chaotic movie from Arthur Penn.

Acting: There are four acting performances which are striking in ALICE'S RESTAURANT. In the lead role, musician Arlo Guthrie has a natural, relaxed presence which works well with the unconventional feel of the movie. As the eponymous Alice, Patricia Quinn adds realism, spunk, and fire to the picture, making her a flesh and blood figure to whom the audience can relate. In contrast, Alice's intriguing husband, Ray, is a dashing turn by James Broderick. With his appealing swagger but also, quiet moments, Mr Broderick is a distinctive personality who adds depth to the proceedings. The last acting of note was by Michael McClanathan as Shelly, Arlo's sensitive friend. In many instances, Mr McClanathan does not have to say a single word for the viewer to comprehend his feelings, and this makes him another unique persona among the others in ALICE'S RESTAURANT.

Soundtrack: ALICE'S RESTAURANT has a pleasing soundtrack, mainly consisting of songs performed diegetically by Arlo Guthrie, but also, with non-diegetic music sprinkled throughout the movie. It is interesting how the opening credits eschew music, instead offering a sound byte of the draft sequence. The closing credits are entirely converse, with an introspective tune played which continues nicely from the end scene of Alice staring into the yonder. This leaves the movie on a solemn but bittersweet note, and is one of the best moments of ALICE'S RESTAURANT.

Mise-en-scene: ALICE'S RESTAURANT has much going for it in terms of offering viewers a convincing visual experience. Michael Nebbia's cinematography is subtle, not emphasizing colour to a great degree, but with an unforced flair which is symptomatic of the picture as a whole. There are quite a few outdoor sequences in the movie, and these all add to the sense of realism which ALICE'S RESTAURANT stives for in its presentation. Production design by Warren Clymer, and John Mortensen's set decoration, create a fantastical world which the characters inhabit, with Alice's restaurant itself being warm and inviting, and the deconsecrated church two key examples of their expertise. 

Notable Acting Performances: Arlo Guthrie, Patricia Quinn, James Broderick, Michael McClanathan.

Suitability for young viewers: No. Male nudity, female nudity, adult themes, drug use.

Overall Grade: C

Link: IMDB Page

Trailer

ELECTRA GLIDE IN BLUE (1973)

Title: ELECTRA GLIDE IN BLUE

Year of Release: 1973

Director: James William Guercio

Genre: Drama, Road Movie, Action

Synopsis: A highway motorcycle officer suspects that the suicide of a man was in actual fact a murder, and seeks to get to the truth.

Within a film history context: Before ELECTRA GLIDE IN BLUE, there were several movies which dealt specifically with motorcycle patrol officers. One of the first documented examples was D. Ross Lederman's HELL BENT FOR LOVE (1934). When a highway patrol officer arrests a singer for speeding, he gets on the bad side of a mobster, who tries to make his life a misery. but the policeman evens the score in this early programmer. HIGHWAY PATROL (1938), directed by Charles Coleman, had a highway officer plunged into intrigue by an oil man he arrested, and enlisted by him to find the criminals causing issues in his company. On the other hand, Fred Wilcox's CODE TWO (1953), followed the exploits of three highway patrol officers, and how their pursuit of a truck one day brings them dire consequences. THE WILD ONE (1953), directed by Laslo Benedek, featured a highway patrol officer at the beginning of the picture, who sends away the eponymous wild one, and his fellow gang members. Alfred Hitchcock's PSYCHO (1960), had a key scene with a highway patrol officer, who finds a woman asleep in her car, but allows her to leave after checking her license. In French film BREATHLESS (1960), directed by Jean-Luc Godard, a petty thief steals a car, and is chased by the police, but as a motorcycle officer goes to arrest him, is killed by the criminal. Richard C. Sarafian's VANISHING POINT (1971), contained a short scene where the lead character is pursued by two highway motorcycle officers for speeding, and manages to evade them. ELECTRA GLIDE IN BLUE was the one film of all of these which concentrated intensely on its highway motorcycle police officer.

The vast majority of movies showcased a highway motorcycle officer as a supporting character. THE WILD ONE, PSYCHO, BREATHLESS, and VANISHING POINT are all examples of this. Here, the officer often appeared for one scene, and the viewer does not find out more about them, as their use in the movie is purposely limited in scope. The first two examples show the officers in a position of authority, while the latter two are different. The protagonist in VANISHING POINT sends the officers away without causing them any real harm, but the hood in BREATHLESS actually kills the motorcycle officer who is after him. This event spearheads the action in this particular picture, leading to consequences for the assailant. With ELECTRA GLIDE IN BLUE, though, the entire movie is consumed with an examination of highway motorcycle patrol officers, with one, John Wintergreen, especially the focus. His private life is shown, as are his exploits on the job, and the professional tensions which come with this position. The spectator is provided with fragments of character, and plot information, with a profile for the character built throughout the course of the film. It is also interesting that a certain plot event for the character does have unexpected repercussions much later in the story. This gives the picture an air of justice, in that whatever one does in life brings forth consequences. An entertaining view of a highway motorcycle officer, ELECTRA GLIDE IN BLUE brings forth a proficient account in this arena.

Overview: James William Guercio is an American film director with only a single movie to his credit, being ELECTRA GLIDE IN BLUE. He has been much more active in the realm of music as a musician, songwriter, and music producer. In this case, this review will focus accordingly on Mr Guercio's contributions to this motion picture. 

With ELECTRA GLIDE IN BLUE, James William Guercio has molded an original, if somewhat lacking movie. The tale of a highway motorcycle policeman, and his hijinks on the job, including the investigation of a murder, is handled in a watchable, if flimsy manner. The story, particularly in the first half, seems to be swimming everywhere without any discernible point. This is to say that there are moments of interest, and ELECTRA GLIDE IN BLUE has a knack for being likeable in a twisted, roundabout way. It just seems to try a little of everything in its execution, but this dissipates the overall structure of the story. The story threads, though, do come together in the second half, but by this time, what came beforehand has caused the movie to be lopsided when considering it as a whole. This casual approach to its tone and mood affects one other main component of the picture. The suspense level about solving the murder case is very low, as one never finds out exactly who the victim was, and why the officer really wanted to crack the case. It is, therefore, just another passing incident in the life of its fetching policeman John Wintergreen. The movie, as such, is a pleasant diversion, a visual feast for the eyes, but nothing more than that. A film which tries to be different and partially succeeds in this aim, ELECTRA GLIDE IN BLUE is an interesting effort from one-time director James William Guercio.

Acting: Four performances in ELECTRA GLIDE IN BLUE dominate the movie. In the lead role of policeman John Wintergreen, Robert Blake is wonderful. An actor with a certain je ne sais quoi in his interpretations, he is the perfect as the police officer of many moods and inclinations. As John's detective workmate and friend Harve Poole, Mitchell Ryan is another standout performer. With his authority and serious facial expression, Mr Ryan's presence as the stalwart detective also boosts the movie's watchability. The amour of both John and Harvey, the flighty Jolene, is a showcase for Jeannine Riley. Miss Riley goes all-out in her acting, particularly in the bar sequence, where the truth comes out about her dalliances, giving the character a clear raison d'etre for her actions. The final acting of note was by Elisha Cook Jr. as Willie, a suspect in the murder case. As with Jeannine Riley, Mr Cook goes for the jugular in his role, making viewers understand what makes this man tick, and providing justification for his misdeeds, in ELECTRA GLIDE IN BLUE.

Soundtrack: In terms of its soundtrack, ELECTRA GLIDE IN BLUE is lean in this department. While there are some musical pieces, both diegetic, and non-diegetic, the key musical component is in the opening credits segment by director James William Guercio, and orchestrated by Jimmie Haskell. Its grand and unabashed score reflects the emotions at play in the film, and its barnstorming delivery. 'Tell Me', sung by Terry Kath, which is in the closing credits, casts a soulful, ironic light on the final scenes, with barbarity closing in on equity in an unfortunate manner.

Mise-en-scene: In a visual sense, ELECTRA GLIDE IN BLUE has much to recommend it. Cinematographer Conrad Hall photographs the vast landscapes in the movie, with the desert a predominate setting, with grace, lending these rugged locations an unexpected beauty which adds a verisimilitude all their own. The transition from colour to black and white in the final few minutes is also a testament to Mr Hall's ingenuity. Costuming by Rita Riggs is another great feature of the film, with Robert Blake's uniform wondrous to ponder. With his uniform entirely in black, with matching gloves, dark sunglasses and white helmet, Mr Blake looks the part, his apparel not dating in the least, even after more than fifty years since the picture was released. The same applies for Robert Blake's costuming aside from his policeman getup; classic menswear pieces combined with sophistication. In addition, the Electra Glide motorcycles used by the highway policeman have a mystique, and sleekness about them which enchants, and convinces the viewer.

Notable Acting Performances: Robert Blake, Mitchell Ryan, Jeannine Riley, Elisha Cook Jr.

Suitability for young viewers: No. Adult themes, medium-level violence.

Overall Grade: C

Link: IMDB Page

THE GAY DECEIVERS (1969)

Title: THE GAY DECEIVERS

Year of Release: 1969

Director: Bruce Kessler

Genre: Comedy, Drama

Synopsis: Two young men try to pass themselves as gay to avoid the draft for Vietnam, but things take twists and turns they did not anticipate.

Within a film history context: Homosexuality in motion pictures was not a common occurrence before the breakdown of film censorship in the late 1960s. There were, though, examples of subtly drawn gay characters and themes in films before THE GAY DECEIVERS. One of the first documented movies in this vein was Sidney Drew's A FLORIDA ENCHANTMENT (1914). In this film, a man and a woman undergo transformations into a gay man and a lesbian via the effect of seeds. It was one of the earliest films to examine gay sexuality in motion pictures, albeit in a comical manner. The love affair of two male musicians was explored in the German film DIFFERENT FROM THE OTHERS (1919), directed by Richard Oswald. Blackmail comes to the fore in this movie, with true love thwarted by a scheming man seeking to make the lovers pay for their forbidden love, with famous German actor Conrad Veidt in the lead as one of the harried musicians. In comparison, another German film, Carl Theodor Dreyer's MICHAEL (1924), spotlighted a gay painter's lover for his male model, and the difficulties their union faced. 

Into the 1930s and 1940s, gay characters were most likely to be presented in a comic manner, unlike the other examples here mentioned, and in supporting roles. Notable divergences from this were found in Pre-Code 1930s American movies such as SUNNY SKIES (1930), directed by Norman Taurog, with a gay romance story, and Raoul Walsh's SAILOR'S LUCK (1933), which also had a gay character. Of the 1940s movies ROPE (1948), directed by Alfred Hitchcock, featured a murderous gay couple, but in line with the censorship of the period, this was very much inferred with delicacy. Moving into the 1950s, there were several intimations of gay characters slightly more open in nature than those of beforehand, with some that definitely pushed the boundaries.

Possibly the most explicit gay themed film of its era, although a short movie, was Jean Genet's A SONG OF LOVE (1950). Set in a jail with prisoners and a guard among its characters, it concentrated upon sexuality, glimpses of nudity, and fantasy in a manner that was a first for its time. Another French film, the full-length THE TERRIBLE CHILDREN (1950), directed by Jean-Pierre Melville, contained a gay character, played by a female actress in a dual role, in a more conventional narrative of heterosexual romance with some homosexual undertones. With Vincente Minnelli's TEA AND SYMPATHY (1956), matters were entirely different. A thoughtful young man is believed to be gay, everyone attempting to change him, but finding sympathy with the wife of his coach. A bowdlerized film version of the stage play, it nonetheless treated its main character with empathy, despite references to homosexuality being discreet. SUDDENLY LAST SUMMER (1959), directed by Joseph Mankiewicz, was much more open about its gay character. Although the character's face is never shown, the impact of his presence in the movie is what propels the narrative, and his death is what drives his cousin, played by Elizabeth Taylor, to mental illness. Segueing into the 1960s, a gradual loosening of the Production Code brought forth franker films with more openly gay protagonists.

In Gregory Ratoff's British OSCAR WILDE (1960), the film followed the famous writer's legal trials and travails with his homosexuality, with Robert Morley in the lead role. Another British picture, A TASTE OF HONEY (1961), directed by Tony Richardson, featured a gay character in this realistic study of a young woman, and her family issues. A more devastating view of gay life and discrimination was presented in Basil Dearden's VICTIM (1961). The taut tale of a married barrister undone by a past gay affair, and involvement with blackmailers, showcased Dirk Bogarde in one of his finest performances. ADVISE AND CONSENT (1962), directed by Otto Preminger, was similar to VICTIM in that the main character's past homosexuality comes back to haunt him, but this time, running for Secretary of State in the United States government. Bryan Forbes' THE L-SHAPED ROOM (1962), had a minor gay character within its structure, in this case a musician. 

A more in-depth examination of homosexuality was featured in TAKE IT ALL (1963), directed by, and starring, Claude Jutra. In this movie, a man's difficulty in coming to terms with his sexual orientation, and relationship with a black woman, made up the content of this picture. Sidney J. Furie's THE LEATHER BOYS (1964), had a gay motorbike rider in its canvas, with a scene in a gay bar also shown. BUS RILEY'S BACK IN TOWN (1965), directed by Harvey Hart, also offered a minor character of the gay mortician who wants to offer more than employment to lead protagonist Bus. Into the mid-1960s, John Schlesinger's DARLING (1965), had a gay photographer in a small part, common for many films of the era to have a homosexual character in a supporting role. 

INSIDE DAISY CLOVER (1965), directed by Robert Mulligan, was an expose of Hollywood, and starred Robert Redford as a man with a shadowy gay sexual orientation. The controversy surrounding this did not help the film at the box office, where it was not a success. More explicit was Andy Warhol and Chuck Wein's MY HUSTLER (1965). The story of an older hustler pursuing a younger one, it was one of Andy Warhol's many gay-themed films to reach audiences in the 1960s. Much more subtle in tone was WINTER KEPT UP WARM (1965), directed by David Secter. The friendship between two young male university students, and their complex feelings for each other, was tackled by the director in this intricate movie. Jean-Claude Lord's DELIVER US FROM EVIL (1966), also had a storyline rooted in human emotion, with gay desire and bisexuality being the burning topics. 

In addition, John Huston's REFLECTIONS IN A GOLDEN EYE (1967), also treated its subject with candor, being an army colonel whose interest in an army private causes him to commit murder. In comparison, a western theme was the basis for LONESOME COWBOYS (1968), directed by Andy Warhol. Featuring five gay cowboys provoking mayhem and indulging in sexual exploits, it was another in the director's unconventional works. In marked contrast, a tense mood thoroughly enveloped John Flynn's THE SERGEANT (1968). The story of an army sergeant, and his passion for a private, was studied in much greater detail than in the related REFLECTIONS OF A GOLDEN EYE, and provided Rod Steiger an excellent role as the eponymous sergeant, with John Phillip Law as the object of his obsession. 

A complex view of homosexuality was also captured in TEORAMA (1968), directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini. An Italian family receives a visitor at their home, who changes their lives, male and female, both sexually and otherwise. A different perspective on sexual relations, it was one of the director's most intimate, challenging works. Bryan Forbes' DEADFALL (1968), had a treacherous gay character, whose actions influenced much of the goings-on in the movie with his dishonest ways. FLESH (1968), directed by Paul Morrissey, was another of Andy Warhol's movies with gay overtones. This time around, a male prostitute services both men, and women among his shenanigans. Guilt about homosexuality, and its aftermath, was played out in Gordon Douglas' THE DETECTIVE (1968). An incisive portrait of a police detective searching for the killer of a man believed to have been gay, it was an excellent showcase for Frank Sinatra in the lead role of the undaunted investigator. THE GAY DECEIVERS was the most overt example of gay characters and situations in its time in the late 1960s.

The preponderance of movies in this category were of a dramatic nature. In general, gay characters in these were tortured souls, carrying on relationships in a cloistered manner, these fraught with nothing but obstacles. DIFFERENT FROM THE OTHERS, MICHAEL, TEA AND SYMPATHY, VICTIM, and ADVISE AND CONSENT were just some of the works in this vein. Others such as MY HUSTLER, LONESOME COWBOYS, TEORAMA, and FLESH presented gay characters as being bold, and without shame for their attraction to the same sex. In sheer contrast, A FLORIDA ENCHANTMENT, SUNNY SKIES, and SAILOR'S LUCK were geared towards comedy, and lighter portraits of gay characters. THE GAY DECEIVERS fit into both these latter sets of films much more than others due to its comical take on gay sexuality and relationships. In some of the dramatic entries, there are views of devious gay characters, specifically in ROPE and DEADFALL. None of this applies in THE GAY DECEIVERS, as the characters in question are depicted as appearing to be in a loving relationship. 

The film posits what it itself describes as the 'normal', and 'straight', being heterosexuality, and that it is the opposite to the real 'normal', being homosexuality. Heterosexuality, thus, is cast in a negative light here, and this is where THE GAY DECEIVERS moves away from other entries in this category of films. Homosexuality here is implied to be freeing, expressing oneself as they wish, and living as they want, on their terms. Heterosexual characters are shown as either being unforgiving, such as Danny's father and Karen, or permissive, such as Elliott, or Mrs Conway. Malcolm and Craig happen to be a happy couple without hangups, but they just happen to be gay. The heterosexual characters seem to complicate their lives much more than the gay ones, and this is something which none of the previous pictures examined. A stimulating examination of gay and heterosexual identities, THE GAY DECEIVERS opens a discussion on this topic with its thoughtful intentions, and execution.

Overview: Bruce Kessler was an American film director with four feature films to his credit. He has been much more active on television, directing episodes of prime-time series ranging from The Monkees, The Flying Nun, Mission Impossible, I Dream of Jeannie, The Rockford Files, and much later with The Commish, Diagnosis Murder, and Baywatch Nights, the name a few from his extensive filmography. In cinema, his work spanned over the course of just three years, with movies of an exploitation orientation, or light fare. Mr Kessler's first picture, ANGELS FROM HELL (1968), was a biker movie. A Vietnam veteran returns home to find his motorcycle club disbanded, and tries to create a new one. He comes up against corrupt policemen who want to block him, but he determines to get his way, at any cost. KILLERS THREE (1968), also had a crime focus. A man just released from prison plots with his girlfriend to steal cash from a bootlegger's safe, with assistance from the man's friend, but their plan takes a nasty turn they never saw coming. Bruce Kessler's final film, SIMON, KING OF THE WITCHES (1971), was about a man's quest to become a god, but this comes at a high price for others in this horror effort. THE GAY DECEIVERS was Bruce Kessler's third movie, and one of his most-known works.

In the case of THE GAY DECEIVERS, Bruce Kessler has fashioned a breezy movie with a firm focus on different sides of the discussion about male homosexuality. It is a fast-moving ride with many entertaining moments but also, offers some food for thought. The film does not lag or become stagnant, always offering something fresh for spectators. THE GAY DECEIVERS immediately dives into its narrative, relating to viewers the story of two young heterosexual men who pretend to be gay to avoid being drafted for Vietnam. The picture highlights their efforts in this endeavour, and how their deception may, in fact, be not as productive for them as first conceived. The weight of this is felt by both men, but, in particular, by Danny. He has the most to lose in terms of his identity, family, and girlfriend, and this is where THE GAY DECEIVERS is at its best. The pathos here is palpable, and how this experience does not leave him untouched is fully explicated. Consequences are presented, and entirely credible. Unfortunately, several pithy scenes do not a picture make, and with reference to THE GAY DECEIVERS, it does have its downsides.

In some ways, the gay angle has its positive features. THE GAY DECEIVERS is at pains to depict Malcolm and Craig as akin to a bickering heterosexual couple, which is a definite contrast to Danny's troubles with girlfriend Karen, and Elliot's lustfulness, and bedhopping habits. There is a loyalty to the other which consequently flies in the face of the heterosexual characters. On the other hand, the stereotyping of the gay couple in terms of their behavior makes them seem both flamboyant, and not real. Possibly it was done to make them stand out from the other characters, but it is overly exaggerated at times. Aside from this, it is never really shown whether Danny or Elliot have learned anything about masquerading as a gay couple. It seems that it is just convenient for the plot, and not peering deeper into their consciousness, especially Elliot's. In effect, their deed was accomplished, and they were not drafted in the end, but it remains on that superficial level. The twist at the very end, while clever in some respects, does seem forced. Having the Colonel act in one way through the majority of the film, and ending another way, was disconcerting. All in all, though, this seems to reflect the intentions of THE GAY DECEIVERS. It is a well-made movie that aims to be fun, has some edifying content, but, in the end, does not explore its topic as thoroughly as it could have.

Acting: There are quite a few stimulating performances in THE GAY DECEIVERS. In the lead role of Danny, one of the two men seeking to avoid the draft, Kevin Coughlin is excellent. An actor gone way too soon at the age of thirty, his naturalistic acting makes the viewer sympathize with him, despite the character's often dubious methods. Danny's best friend, the strapping, athletic Elliot, is given panache by Lawrence Casey. Mr Casey showed that he was much more than a pretty face here, ensuring that Elliot has a sense of dignity, in spite of the actor being shirtless for much of the movie. The girlfriend of Danny, Karen, is a touching turn by Brooke Bundy. Miss Bundy ably highlights her love-struck character, with happiness, and later, confusion, reigning supreme, but she carries it off with effervescence, and charm. Danny's clever, intuitive sister Leslie, is made memorable by Jo Ann Harris. With her keen intellect and straightforward nature, Miss Harris really seems to be Danny's sibling, even resembling Kevin Coughlin with his penetrating stare. Four other actors provide great accounts of themselves in THE GAY DECEIVERS.

As Malcolm's other half, Sebastian Brook is very real as the flamboyant Craig. Mr Brook's theatrical mannerisms are fun to witness, but when he drops this facade in his later scenes, his sincerity shines through. It is unfortunate that Mr Brook only made a small number of films, which is another true talent gone untapped in cinema. The intriguing Duane, neighbour of Danny and Elliot, is a subtle interpretation by Christopher Riordan. Knowing that less is more, the shrewd Mr Riordan knows how to maintain one's attention without going overboard in a picture about gay men and their lives. Colonel Dixon, the odious man who causes Danny and Elliot angst over their draft orders, is a neat performance by Jack Starrett. A film and television director who made quite a few appearances in feature films, is a contrast with his stiff upper lip, to the farcical situations in which the other players find themselves. The final acting of note was by Joe Tornatore as Sergeant Kravits, the Colonel's offsider. With his expressive comic face and ways, Mr Tornatore ups the zany quotient in the film, its last stretches enlivened by his amusing wackiness. 

Soundtrack: In terms of its soundtrack, THE GAY DECEIVERS has a great soundtrack courtesy of Stu Phillips. It works in every respect, from the farcical segments to the quieter stretches, enhancing the moment effectively.

Mise-en-scene: THE GAY DECEIVERS possesses a pleasing attention to detail with its mise-en-scene. Colour photography by Richard Glouner is lovely, making everything onscreen appear natural without being too florid. Interior sets have held up well, not seeming particularly dated, and are of their era, as a bit of a time capsule. The perfect example is Danny and Elliot's rental home, with its garish furnishings fun to witness. Exteriors are also well chosen, with the swimming pool adding veracity to the movie, as do all the outside sequences. With respect to costuming, Norman Salling has selected garments which reflect the characters' distinctive personalities, such as Karen's smart apparel, and Craig's cravats, and coordinating clothing.

Notable Acting Performances: Kevin Coughlin, Lawrence Casey, Brooke Bundy, Jo Ann Harris, Sebastian Brook, Christopher Riordan. Jack Starrett, Joe Tornatore.

Suitability for young viewers: No. Male nudity, female nudity, adult themes.

Overall Grade: C

Link: IMDB Page

TO KILL A CLOWN (1972)

Title: TO KILL A CLOWN

Year of Release: 1972

Director: George Bloomfield

Genre: Drama, Horror

Synopsis: A couple rent a beach house from a physically-challenged Vietnam veteran, but he has much in store for them during their stay.

Within a film history context: There were quite a few movies made in the late 1960s, and early 1970s, which explored Vietnam veterans, and their return to American society. The vast majority were exploitation films, with some occasional forays into more thoughtful territory. One of the first was Russ Meyer's MOTORPSYCHO! (1965). A film with revenge and murder themes, the Vietnam veteran of the piece was a psychologically tormented man capable of anything. The Vietnam veteran protagonist of THE BORN LOSERS (1967), Billy Jack, was a man more morally upright than other variations on the theme He helped to keep a sense of law and order in a small town, namely protecting the young women from harm. Such was the popularity of this film, directed by actor Tom Laughlin, that it led to four sequels over the course of almost twenty years. 

Nick Millard's ODDO (1967), was different in nature, with a veteran emotionally spent, and finding fault with anyone who crossed him. Another Vietnam veteran with emotional problems played out this time in Bruce Kessler's ANGELS FROM HELL (1968). The veteran on this occasion was an ex-biker returning to build a new biker gang, seeking to take on the police at their own game. Many of these films, and other examples from the 1960s, were action-oriented in nature, with little, if no, time for reflection. The 1970s also had its mix of exploitation and more conventional narratives, the mental fragility of Vietnam veterans the main accelerator of action.

One of the most infamous depictions of a Vietnam veteran was THE RAVAGER (1970), directed by Charles Nizet. Notorious for its violent content, it was about a veteran returning home to become a killer and rapist, as he experienced in Vietnam. Rated X in 1970, it is notable for its sheer reveling in sex and violence, something later movies also capitalized on. More comic in intent was Brian De Palma's HI, MOM! (1970). Without violence but with more comedy asides, it was the second film with Robert De Niro as a veteran living in an apartment block, and his experiences with the other people there. Irreverent also was CAPTAIN MILKSHAKE (1970), directed by Richard Crawford. The protagonist this time became involved with drugs and counterculture figures, this filling out the narrative. Burt Topper's THE HARD RIDE (1971) featured bikers similar to others in the genre, but this time around, the plot concentrated upon a man promising his Vietnam friend to carry out a deed, and finding this demanding to deliver. 

One of the most expressive, impressive films about veterans returning home was Richard Compton's WELCOME HOME SOLDIER BOYS (1971). A carefully plotted film that builds to an unexpected, plausible climax, it was one of the best films in this genre. Similarly, MY OLD MAN'S PLACE (1971), directed by Edwin Sherwin, was a more character-driven piece than action-focused in scope. Two veterans join another on a farm, where tensions spill over. Gunther Collins' JUD (1971), was the sensitive account of a young man who had just returned from Vietnam, and the difficulties he faced in once again assimilating into society. Different in range and character, SKYJACKED (1972), directed by John Guillermin, had a veteran as an airplane hijacker. Trading more in suspense than violence, it was one of the most restrained examples of the genre. TO KILL A CLOWN differed from other entries in that it was not an exploitation movie, but, rather, centered in suspense, and psychological in tone.

As with many of the films in this category, a disturbed Vietnam veteran fuels the narrative, but in the case of TO KILL A CLOWN, the presentation was not as overt, or flashy as examples MOTORPSYCHO!, ANGELS FROM HELL, or THE RAVAGER. There was a complex series of events in which the true motivations of the veteran come to light both for the characters, and the viewer. Despite its slow build, TO KILL A CLOWN finds its footing in the second half, and the frightening psychology of veteran Major Evelyn Ritchie is revealed. Where TO KILL A CLOWN also differs is in the characters whom the veteran plays against. Bikers were largely in evidence in MOTORPSYCHO! and ANGELS FROM HELL, but a married couple is Evelyn's opposition here. This takes matters in another direction, as one sees the impact of the Major on the lives of this couple. 

The Major exacting his revenge on Timothy and Lily provides the movie with some of its best moments. Evelyn in TO KILL A CLOWN, therefore, takes a leaf out of the many films with a villainous Vietnam veteran with no redeeming features, such as THE RAVAGER, and SKYJACKED. He is bad to the bone, but the spectator is never cognizant of what happened in Vietnam to make him this way. This is, unfortunately, left out of the movie, unlike JUD and WELCOME HOME SOLDIER BOYS, where one is given an intimate account in this respect. An interesting view of a Vietnam veteran, TO KILL A CLOWN is notable for branching off into another direction with its treatment of this character. 

Overview: George Bloomfield was a Canadian director who presided over ten motion pictures in a twenty-nine year period. He made dramas, thrillers, family fare, also, venturing into comedy in his output. Mr Bloomfield's first movie, JENNY (1970), was a tender story about a young woman who has a child out of wedlock, and her marriage to a testy photographer. Despite compatibility issues, they find common ground in the end. CHILD UNDER A LEAF (1974), had a similar, if divergent premise. A woman trapped in an abusive marriage has an extramarital affair, giving birth to her lover's child, but tries to move away from her egotistical husband. NOTHING PERSONAL (1980), was a comedy of an activist professor concerned about the plight of baby seals, and how he is assisted in his mission by a lawyer. Critically roasted in its time, it sunk into oblivion. Thriller DOUBLE NEGATIVE (1980), showcased a man whose wife was murdered, and how he tries to find her killer, and exactly what happened that fateful night. THE ARGON QUEST (1992), was a family movie with two brothers transported to a magical island, with the only way to save it is by finding the giant Argon. JACOB TWO TWO MEETS THE HOODED FANG (1999), was another family picture. A young boy who likes to mention things in twos, goes shopping one day, but is misunderstood by the grocer, subsequently landing in a children's prison. Some friends in the prison assist him, and plan to escape from there in this fantasy movie. TO KILL A CLOWN was George Bloomfield's second film, and one of his best-known.

George Bloomfield has created a satisfactory, if sometimes lacking picture with TO KILL A CLOWN. The story of a married couple renting a cabin on the beach, and their encounter with their landlord, a Vietnam veteran, which has severe consequences for them, is a film with some good moments, but patchy overall in its impact. That is not to say, though, that the movie is without its positive aspects. There is a sound grasp of characters and their idiosyncrasies, and one gets to know them, particularly the married couple, as three-dimensional people. Although the movie changes mood from a comical focus, to a more serious one later, the repartee, and bickering, between the couple does make them relatable. One could easily see them existing in the real world as actual people, with the deft characterizations ensuring this. This also applies to the cunning, unsparing Major Evelyn Ritchie, Timothy and Lily's nemesis. While TO KILL A CLOWN is watchable, and there is a degree of suspense in the movie, there are definite limitations which undermine its power.

There is not an issue with the sequence of events in TO KILL A CLOWN, but the fact that it is lopsided in terms of the impact of the first, and second halves of the picture. The introduction to painter Timothy and wife Lily works, but the preparation for Major Evelyn's entrance into the story is too diffuse. The first half of the movie takes too long to pick up steam, and Evelyn is not utilized sufficiently to create an aura of terror to, in effect, tantalize the audience. The comic sequences with Timothy and Lily are agreeable, but could have been balanced way better intercut with scenes of Evelyn, and what he had planned for the couple. Aside from this, while Evelyn is an ominous presence, one never is given further insight into his Vietnam days, and what made him to be how he was. This is largely left to the side, and the vicious dogs seem to do all the talking in the film in this respect. The second half of TO KILL A CLOWN picks up considerably in pace, but the resolution is not as spectacular as one would expect. It leaves matters hanging, when they could have been decisively dealt with, bringing needed closure to the picture. Despite these flaws, some things can be said about the film. TO KILL A CLOWN attempts to generate an atmosphere of taut tension and terror, but falls short in attaining this aim on a consistent level.

Acting: While the cast of TO KILL A CLOWN is small in size, they offer some great performances. In the lead part of Major Evelyn Ritchie, Vietnam veteran, and central antagonist, Alan Alda plays against type here, showing that he was a versatile actor with his portrayal of the villainous Major. Those smiles and expressions utilized in his other roles have been employed well, showing the Major for the heinous man he is. As Lily, one-half of the married couple in the movie, Blythe Danner, in her movie debut, is excellent. With her husky voice, warmth, and nous, Miss Danner deftly displays all sides of her character with ease, being both the comic, and dramatic elements. The final acting of note was by Heath Lamberts as Timothy, Lily's husband. As with Blythe Danner, Mr Lamberts navigates both the zany parts of his role in the picture, and the more dramatic, with aplomb.

Soundtrack: TO KILL A CLOWN has an appropriate soundtrack which emphasizes the moods which the film seeks to capture, thanks to composers John Hawkins and Richard Hill. Both the opening, and closing credits feature the song "With My Eyes", sung by Georgie Fame, which is a passable tune, but the music after this is an electric guitar piece which stands out for its funky, jazzy tone.

Mise-en-scene: Due attention has been paid to the onscreen experience for viewers of TO KILL A CLOWN. Walter Lassally's cinematography records the proceedings with elan, taking advantage of the beach setting of the story, and also, with the evening scenes shot for maximum suspense. Trevor Williams' art direction is spare, with a limited number of settings, such as the beach house Lily and Timothy share unobtrusive, and keeping the focus on the characters. The opening credits are striking for their use of animation, which imbues the film with an unconventional, 1960s style bent. On the other hand, it also projects a comical mood, which is not what the picture happens to be, thereby misinforming the viewer. This, though, is in keeping with TO KILL A CLOWN's intentions, being a serio-comic drama which veers in either direction throughout its running time.

Notable Acting Performances: Alan Alda, Blythe Danner, Heath Lamberts.

Suitability for young viewers: No. Female nudity, adult themes, medium-level violence.

Overall Grade: C

Link: IMDB Page

THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART (1970)

Title: THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART

Year of Release: 1970

Director: Leonard Horn

Genre: Drama

Synopsis: A young aspiring filmmaker living in a Manhattan apartment conducts a hedonistic lifestyle filled with free love and drugs, but becomes unstuck in the process.

Within a film history context: There were several movies which looked at college dropouts as a subject in film history. One of the first was Charles Guggenheim and John Stix's THE GREAT ST. LOUIS BANK ROBBERY (1959). A college dropout becomes enmeshed in a planned bank robbery which does not quite proceed as originally envisioned. HAIL, HERO! (1969), directed by David Miller, followed a young man who drops out of college to enlist in the Vietnam War. His methodology is simple; join the army, and spout notions of peace, without violence and death. Alan Pakula's THE STERILE CUCKOO (1969), was about the tender affair between two college students. This time around, the college dropout was a female character instead of a male, but her mental instability takes its toll on her. SUMMERTREE (1971), directed by Anthony Newley, surveyed the life of a college dropout, his relationship with a nurse, and opposition to the Vietnam War, among matters. THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART proffered another position on a college dropout.

As with HAIL, HERO!, THE STERILE CUCKOO, and SUMMERTREE, the college dropout was the main character in the movie, the only difference being that the second film featured a female, Pookie, instead of a male, student. The sexual content in the final two examples were more marked than the first, but it is here that THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART set itself apart. Stanley's life is a succession of different women, a threesome at one point, and is drug infused at various times. In a related issue, the sex and nudity angles were exploited much further than THE STERILE CUCKOO and SUMMERTREE, whose depictions are more discreet in nature. There was also a monogamous inclination respectively for both Pookie, and Jerry in these films that Stanley completely rejects in THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART. This reflects the maelstrom occurring in Stanley's life, to a degree similar to Jerry's in SUMMERTREE. The presence of a family unit is another difference between SUMMERTREE, and THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART.

Jerry's mother and father in SUMMERTREE add some authority to the story, and their point of view is valuable as a contrast to that of Jerry's. Stanley in THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART does not have a family in the film, the only mention is of Stanley's mother in one scene where he is reading a letter from her. This gives some insight into Stanley's background, being that he is of a privileged background, and does not have to struggle for anything, but this is not a given. The tuition of Jerry in SUMMERTREE has been paid for by his parents, which is one of the reasons why they do not wish for him to go off the rails. They, as such, have an investment in his well-being, something the other examples did not elucidate. There is thus a subtle socio-economic subtext there, in comparing Jerry to Stanley. 

In addition, it is notable that Jerry in SUMMERTREE takes a stand on issues close to his heart, such as leaving college to become a musician, and his opposition to the Vietnam War. Stanley does not possess the same level of application, only standing for a good time with women, and whatever else he can find. The sole scene where Stanley resists something he does not like, being the gay man who tries to come onto him, is the only part where he actually stands for something. The ending goes somewhat into inferring that Stanley's actions are heavy on his mind, particularly since the suicide of his friend, which takes a toll on him. This is one of the most thoughtful passages in the film, adding a poignancy to the proceedings. An interesting view of a college dropout, THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART presents a capable portrait of an ardent, but confused young college dropout.

Overview: Leonard Horn was an American director with three films to his credit. He was very active on television, helming countless prime time series from the early 1960s, until his death in 1975. Mr Horn presided over episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Untouchables, Route 66, Dr. Kildare, Lost in Space, and many others. Leonard Horn's picture debut, ROGUE'S GALLERY (1968), was about a detective, whose involvement with a wealthy young woman may bring him heartache. Studded with veteran performers from the Golden Age of Hollywood, with Dennis Morgan, Brian Donlevy, Farley Granger, and Jackie Coogan, it was not released theatrically, but later on television. Mr Horn's final movie, CORKY (1973), centred around a mechanic who dreams of being a racing car driver, but this may be more difficult for him to achieve on closer inspection. THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART was Leonard Horn's second cinematic outing, and an acceptable effort. 

Leonard Horn has crafted a sound motion picture with THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART. Examining the life of a college student, and amateur filmmaker in New York City who drops out of his studies, majorly detailing his experiences with women, and drugs, it is a reasonable motion picture. The central strength of THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART is in the portrayal of its charismatic, unsettled, but promiscuous lead character. Stanley's life is a whirlwind of women, drugs, running around, and generally avoiding either responsibility, or accountability to others. The movie, to its credit, is not morose or too heavy, and has some unexpected humorous moments which provide reprieve from Stanley's shenanigans. The mood is typical of the anything goes feel of the era, giving THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART spirit in this respect. The ending is good, leaving both the viewer, and Stanley, to ponder the effect of his actions, and what this will mean for him. THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART, though, in some parts, leaves much to be desired, dragging the movie down a few pegs.

In his Don Juan way, Stanley beds a number of young women in THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART, and, at one stage, is sleeping with two best friends at the same time. The revelation that he is with Cathy, and then with her friend Fran, is never discovered by the two women. It could have precipitated a fallout out between them, but is ignored. Stanley's friendship with Danny, and Danny's fate in the final stretches, is another underdeveloped plot. Danny is a character who appears to have much going on internally, being a musician, and taking recreational drugs, but his suicide comes out of nowhere. One has not been offered privileged information about him explaining why this has occurred, and it is a cheap shot in the film to create some quick drama. It would have enriched THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART by knowing more about Danny, and what led to this drastic event. This, though, is something that explains what really is at the heart of THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART. It is a passable rendition of a time, and an era in the United States, and possibly elsewhere, with some courage of its convictions, if not fully expressive of these in a substantial manner.

Acting: The acting in THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART is one of its strengths. In the lead role of Stanley Sweetheart, Don Johnson makes an impact as the charming, footloose young man who may in fact be his own worst enemy. An actor with a ready smile, but a wildness about him that suggests volatility, here makes an auspicious acting debut. As the girl who captures Stanley's restless heart, but to whom he cannot fully commit, Dianne Hull is in another of her thoughtful roles. With her subdued but friendly manner, her Kathy is the conscience of THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART. Kathy's exuberant friend Fran is an excellent turn by Holly Near. With her zaniness on display for all to see, Miss Near adds a vulnerability, and pathos, that rings true, making her character very real. 

Similarly high on the wackiness level is Linda Gillen as Barbara/Shayne. With her cutting observations of life, and ability to see through situations, Miss Gillen adds an upbeat, comic spin to the film which balances it evenly. Michael Greer, as Stanley's friend Danny, is in one of his best performances. Keeping his style understated in this movie, Mr Greer makes Danny someone it would have been great to know more about. The last acting of note was by Brandon Maggart in a cameo role as Jim, a man in the cafe who tries to come onto Stanley. With his gregarious and outgoing persona, he builds his character profile well, making it crystal clear what he wants from Stanley, and eliciting surprise from the audience in the process. 

Soundtrack: The soundtrack of THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART is a positive, and memorable, feature of the movie. While it includes a brief selection of several late 1960s/early 1970s songs within its running time, these nicely accompany the visuals, and provide a flavor of the era. There are, though, several tunes which are most striking in retrospect. The opening credits are enhanced by 'Nobody Knows', performed by Richie Havens. This is a fitting start to the movie which lends an aura of pensiveness to the film, with Mr Havens' deep voice a pleasure to listen to. 'Happy Together', sung by The Mike Curb Congregation, is an alluring, emotive tune which works seamlessly to emphasize Stanley's two-timing antics with Kathy and Fran. Similarly evocative is the beautiful 'Sweet Gingerbread Man', also performed by The Mike Curb Congregation. With its bright feel, but slight melancholic undertone, it adds to the thoughtful, but whimsical, feel of the picture. The closing credits are also notable, as they showcase a somber instrumental version of 'Sweet Gingerbread Man', which perfectly sums up the movie as a whole, and relates back to the quiet opening credits. 

Mise-en-scene: The visual experience for viewers is a good one in THE MAGIC GARDEN OF STANLEY SWEETHEART. Cinematography by Victor Kemper is just right, the color not too bright, but easy on the eyes. There are plenty of outdoor location sequences which adds realism and flair to the movie. The city streetscapes, university exteriors, and shopfronts are all imperative to show the life and times of Stanley Sweetheart. Interior locations are also of a high standard, with the psychedelic nightclubs, and bustling bars vividly portrayed. Stanley's messy apartment is exemplary of his busy, and chaotic private life, and a key non-verbal detail tellingly showcased by the movie. 

Notable Acting Performances: Don Johnson, Dianne Hull, Holly Near, Linda Gillen, Michael Greer, Brandon Maggart.

Suitability for young viewers: No. Infrequent coarse language, male nudity, female nudity, adult themes, low-level violence, drug use.

Overall Grade: C

Link: IMDB Page